The “old” Kerala model, preoccupied with redistributive policies, failed, however, to induce economic development. For example, the typical Kerala’s woman gets married at the 22 age, compared to 18 in the rest of India. The Kerala model may be taken as an early prototype of sustainable development because of improvements in the quality of life, environmental stability, social and … According to K, C.Zachariah “Migration has provided the single most dynamic factor in the other wise dismal scenario of Kerala in the last quarter of the 20th Century. Another factor that increases the demand for higher education, despite low rate of employment among educated people, is the relatively lower waiting period and higher compensation for better-qualified candidates (E.T.Mathew, 1995). It also depends upon making, strengthening and improving policies based on gender equality for social developments. O�q����9�Y�h����$�TQ�'$��3_㧲=�u�\��,�>�Sl���i nnr�"��L��ZKon��3�λ����_=x[R�q5_��Eӛ�b2�W������5�Θ~�b�*8�5���;�d�6*��������a�결^kLXz��d�������0��~��ƊD�����C�f��ޖt8Ol"7dן�CK������"��8Կ��f��~%�9s�ͣ����G]�������N��7�+��5x�k�9���I�����fh�~��tG�E/a�Nm.�o��p�~����)��1��s�>��_���t�]��\rÌ���(�\���z�tT۔�k�(�X$z����NU��D_���OkX��W�\@�&�+(���+�s,%:g{Q�狂X������{��[�dm�����q��j�ʷ���4��`����7������6��~�v�Tpf�l��㵲�����D� ·-$endstream The state is heavily dependent on imports for meeting its food requirements in addition some traditional occupation in agriculture is disappearing due to lack of interest and market competition. The dependence on surface water for drinking is less than one per cent in the state. Would you like to get the full Thesis from Shodh ganga along with citation details? Education contributes in many ways to Kerala development. The ‘Kerala model’ of development has been celebrated in the developmental discourses, especially in the education and health sectors. It came down further to 30.6 percent in 1997-98. According to K. R Nayar 47 per cent of the rural population and 74 per cent of the urban population are covered by protected water supply. Another example may be really to recognize or to take advantage of the fact that Kerala is one of India’s major places of Ayurveda, which is becoming a major global industry in the context of biotechnology. • Behind Kerala’s relative success were robust public institutions, the legacy of the “Kerala model… Although the intellectual roots of the Kerala model of development may be traced to modernisation theory, its programmatic content and ideological basis, and the human and physical resources to carry out the project, were indigenously For example, Kerala’s Model is failing in creating job Market. Covid-19 has punctured an embarrassing hole in the so-called ‘Gujarat model’ of development whereas Kerala’s development experience continues to impress the world. Also facilities of higher education and technical education are accessible to rural students in reasonable distance. While the other states in India refashioning itself in the image of western lifestyle and economy, Kerala remains a communist state with very strong influence of trade unions, and more or less centralize politics. There are increasing reports of dowry related violence, rape and other abuse against women in Kerala (Women’s Commission, 1999). Kerala Model of development The Kerala Model focused on marching to economic development through desirable social changes. Educated women are better able to take charge of their lives. The public sector employment showed only marginal increase during the above period (1.6 percent). Although the intellectual roots of the Kerala model of development may be traced to modernisation theory, its programmatic content and ideological basis, and the human and physical resources to carry out the project, were indigenously developed and mobilised. FEATURES OF KERALA MODEL DEVELOPMENT 15. But despite this it seems that Kerala’s agriculture is today neither a life activity of the families nor a important economic activity, except for a limited number of plantation crops, and rubber. Nearly 98 percent of the rural population has the facility for secondary education within 6 to 8 km (Najith Kumar, K.K. Yet life expectancy in Kerala is 72 years, which is closer to the American average of 76 and above the Indian average of 61. The increasing unemployment of the educated rises the question if is any point in government spending more funds on education, which leads only to higher unemployment. Additionally, easy and highly subsidised transport system for students, especially from rural areas, makes the education more affordable. stream The health clinics provide cheap health care for children, programs for mothers like breast-feeding, and a state-supported nutrition program for pregnant and new mothers. Mapping Kerala Model of Development - Nandeesha . It is seen that in this path there is growing inequality, worsening gender indicators, and the potential for worsening social development. In this respect Kerala does better than the rest of India, and some of developed countries. Sen believes that investment in … The possibility of success of this growth depends on the kinds of jobs one creates. Also significantly, Kerala distributed all the achievements relatively equally across urban-rural areas, between man and women, and low caste-high caste populations. endobj For example, Kerala is relatively slow in recognizing the potentials of a relatively highly educated labor force beyond sending them out as migrants. THE KERALA model of development is characterised by achievements in social indicators such as literacy, life expectancy, infant mortality and birth rate and by ``striking performance in raising living -XO�$�wVJ鱚 VAT Registration No: 842417633. There is a declining population growth rate, a high average marriage age, a low fertility rate, and a high degree of population mobility. ‘Kerala Model of Development’ is a term used to describe the economic policy underpinning the State’s recent growth and development history. Kerala Model of Development. http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/98sep/kerala.htm, 324 pdf) (http://www.cds.edu/download_files/374.pdf Unemployment in Kerala at the turn of the century insights from CDS gulf migration studies K. C. Zachariah S. Irudaya Rajan August 2005 working paper 374 p. 21), ) “Kerala’s education system: from inclusion to exclusion”, Economic and Political Weekly, 10 October 2009, VOL XLIV, NO 41, page 55 ), (Amartya Sen, 1994T 2.pdf http://www.csesindia.org/admin/modules/cms/docs/publication/2.pdf. Furthermore, Kerala has undermined the broadly accepted idea that the improvement in the standard of living of people can only be achieved after the successful, rapid and steady economic development. What’s more, Kerala Model of Development improved and extended basic education, introduced better … This kind of lopsided growth is the firstof its In short, Kerala model development is one of the most discussing models of economic development and growth. The share of agriculture in NSDP has come down from 39.1percent in 1980-81 to 35.7 percent in 1990-91. stream Kerala-model development to be implemented in Assam: Minister. ‘Kerala Model of Development’ is a term used to describe the economic policy underpinning the State’s recent growth and development history. (The author is an economist) For example in China the female literacy is 93 percent placing Kerala in close position considering the country population. KERALA, MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT. چ�$�R�d�QU�:V��*�=��?n���*]i�� The reasons why states are poor – cannot be attributed to just income but also low human development. stream 1.Human Development Index Kerala’s rating of HDI is 0.790 is the highest in India, resulting mainly from the vast improvements the state has made in the fields of sanitation, health, education and poverty-reduction. Concluding Remarks:- Kerala model of development was a puzzle or riddle to social scientists across the globe as the state demonstrated how high level of social development can be achieved despite performing relatively low on economic indicators like per capita income. In addition, Kerala has large budget deficits. The fact is that Kerala Model of Development have not improvement or little in others development indicators. In the urban areas, more than 40 percent of the educated women were unemployed (B.A.Prakash and M.P.Abraham, 2004). Sri Lanka has not done very well in this path, by way of growth. But the biggest flaw in this model is creating high unemployment, especially among educated population. Découvrez et achetez Development, democracy and the state : critiquing kerala model of development. 8.7 lakh crores. On an average, women with at least an elementary education give a birth to two children less than uneducated women. For egzample, in 2001 only 70,2 percent of rural household had complete electrification (Pillai N. India 05 p. 28 -31). In fact, there is not a single family in our community (caste) which has a son in this occupation. There is a dispensary every few kilometres where IUDs and other forms of birth control are freely available. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. FEATURES OF KERALA MODEL DEVELOPMENT 15. endobj https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html. ���/R��ʂ�L�i[��쌷O*U�� �=�Tk��ق��g�|��q�I�GM��. Investing only in education sector without creating job market placed Kerala among country of great risk of floating high skills population out of the country. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Kerala’s access to affordable health care and education has huge impact on birth and mortality rate of the population. There is a high road of development where it is possible to have growth with poverty reduction through job creation, reduced in-equality including gender in-equality and sustainable social development. In the nineties it was just 0.91 percent. The 'Kerala model' of development has been facing a serious crisis due to low growth, high cost, low productivity, low investment and low employment in the state economy. Second, the biggest achievement of Kerala Model of Development is control of the population growth. We ask readers to judge for themselves by reading our books and articles, but in lieu of that, we offer the following overview. The “Kerala model of development” has won wide international attention for its achievements in regard to social development and, to a certain extent, environmental sustainability. Kerala has had a unique development story and the revolution has been rightly termed as the ‘Kerala model of development’. As a result, unemployment rate of Kerala increased from 15.5 percent in 1993-94 to 21.0 percent in 1999-2000. Particularly women’s education has played important role in declining the mortality rates. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen today said there was a lot to learn from the state of Kerala about delivering quality of life. <> The state’s poverty rate lingers at 7.05%, just below Goa while the national rate stands at 21.92%. Despite being extremely poor, Kerala is rated very high on most indices for human development, in a trend which began to emerge in the middle of the 20th century. Higher skills and qualifications, or even escalation of qualifications, are see as a securing future job. <>
- - There is a claim to a ‘turnaround’ in economic growth of Kerala. Kerala state is known for its highly literate and female literate, and poor income population, but its well advanced state of demographic transition. Unemployment is very high. Definitely Karela has been transforming itself from extremely poor state, ridden with caste and class conflicts and burdened by high birth, infant-mortality, and population grow rates into social- democratic state with low birth, and high leve of litratucy. Kerala has a long history of social sector development, which predates the coinage of the ‘Kerala Model of Development’ in the 1970s. No plagiarism, guaranteed! An insightful presentation lead by Natasha Chhabra, a researcher on social policy at the International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) outlined the Kerala Model of Development and analyzed the short and long-term implications and effects of this development model … It shifted house and land ownership to poor families. S Irudaya accented that the Total Fertility Rate declined from 2.9 to 2.0 and to 1.7 during this period (S.Irudaya Rajan and Sabu Aliyar, 2004). Regional Development of Kerala. standards but also by standards of most developing countries. 16.7 lakh crores in FY’20 as against Kerala’s GSDP of Rs. All work is written to order. Kerala in a Broader Context. On the economic front too, there has been great achievements in laying out transport and communication, banking system. The share of agriculture in NSDP has come down from 39.1percent in 1980-81 to 35.7 percent in 1990-91. THE KERALA model of development is characterised by achievements in social indicators such as literacy, life expectancy, infant mortality and birth rate and by ``striking performance in raising living It had impact on family transition, the number of children in a household. Its developmental indicators are amazing. According to Karala’s budget report from 2005 country debt was Rs.41, 878 crore, which was 39.1 percent of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). 15 Nearly half of the students in lower primary classes are girls. Kerala Model of Development took on the theory that economic growth is the only way to meet basic needs of people in poverty, to raise them above poverty, and generate employment. H.K (continued page-5) ABHYUDAYA PAGE-2 Development can be accessed from two aspects, one non-income dimensions and second in income dimensions. What Kaerala does suffer from great fiscal deficitperhaps the problem laid down to a generous minimum wage; one of the best distribution systems in the country, leading to a network of shops that sell everything from rice to batteries at subsidized prices; and a land-reform program. So the inability to see Kerala’s own resources, potentials, possibilities as well as the risks of not paying attention to the situations comes from an approach which does not sufficiently pay attention to the problems of economic growth. stream Instead Karalla government should spend more on investment at economy, agriculture, and industrialisation. As a result, attention is now being given to a “new” Kerala model. The Kerala Model is an interesting phenomenon in the Indian State of Kerala. An elderly coconut picker and a life-long activist in the Communist Party of India commenting on the severe shortage of coconut pickers”. The Kerala Model is an interesting phenomenon in the Indian State of Kerala. Also the education system employs 18 percent of the population. 10 0 obj if social development does not generate growth and employment opportunities, what will be the major implication of such a situation which can even create an explosive situation. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! Economics This model is highly paradoxical because, while there has been major development on the social indicators front, the economic development of the state has been unimpressive. Birth rate had come down from 25.0 during 1974-80 to 20.3 during 1984-90 and to 17.1 during 1994-2001. 1.Human Development Index Kerala’s rating of HDI is 0.790 is the highest in India, resulting mainly from the vast improvements the state has made in the fields of sanitation, health, education and poverty-reduction. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. The employment stretch for Kerala for the period 1993-94 to 1999-00 was the lowest among the major states in India. During the nineties it increased to around 21 per cent (K P Kannan, K S Hari 2000). Furthermore 96 percent of the population is served by an upper primary school within a travel distance of 3 kilometres and one-fourth by a secondary school within 2 kilometers. �[��M�#�'��u��P/5 �kW��e��qyj��u���˔|&����.��M}�ժQd��M����]��y�)Oz��x�8�:�ӻ�0�%����ҹ�k�#��9iOd����(���t�2�Z��Ƭ(��Y���T�p3L����J�g�\�7��ͺ@�炡��{� The development experience of Kerala poses many challenges for the development of Kerala in the new millennium.” (jacket). Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. (Sakhi women resource centre, The situation of women in the state: the gender paradox). Kerala has become a model for social development with limiting improvement in an industrialisation sector. George, 2009, p. 55). KERALA – THE LAND OF DEVELOPMENT PARADOXES K.K.George and N.Ajith Kumar, Working Paper No.2 November 1997 http://www.csesindia.org/admin/modules/cms/docs/publication/2.pdf, (INFRASTRUCTURE, GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN. Study for free with our range of university lectures! Final and probably more important aspect is the low status of irksome jobs, which it seems to be no longer culturally desirable option for a young and educated generation. It also protected tenants, and ended system of rack-renting. The reasons laid on the government no- fees policy for primary and secondary education, as well as low fees for the higher education and technical education institutions. Gujarat is a Top 5 economy in India, with a GSDP of Rs. Interesting fact is that Kerala’s student’s counts on one- fifth of the whole population. Kerala is a large state, but it is still only a tiny fraction of a much larger developing world. Also work seekers in 80 percent had qualifications of SSLC and above. Unemployment problem in Kerala is largely a problem of the educated population More than one-fourth of the rural educated and one-fifth of the urban educated were unemployed in the State. endstream Company Registration No: 4964706. There is no attention being paid to the possibilities created by the social development itself and the resources thus created. There is much analysis alternately praising and damning the Kerala Model of development. Kerala’s human development model of fertility transition appears better suited to developing countries which are struggling with poverty and population stabilization issues. Kerala has 33 millions populations and is consider as one of the poorest countries in the world. Furthermore it seems the human development could raise duo to Kerala’s history, and also mainly staying on the communist road of the politics. Reference this. In the eighties the growth rate in population comes down to 1.34 percent. In Kerala, migration must have contributed more to poverty alleviation than any other factor including agrarian reforms, trade union activities and social welfare legislation” (K.C.Zachariah, E.T.Mathew and S.Irudaya Rajan, 2000). Population is too under control in Kerala.
- - The wave of reforms implemented ‘decentralisation’ in Governance in the first phase and Economic reforms thereafter. Concluding Remarks:- Kerala model of development was a puzzle or riddle to social scientists across the globe as the state demonstrated how high level of social development can be achieved despite performing relatively low on economic indicators like per capita income. Despite a spike in Covid-19 cases in Kerala recently due to returning migrants, Kerala has reported only 25 Covid-related deaths so far, as against 1,906 deaths in Gujarat. They are competent with the developed nations of the world. Among the professional and technical work seekers, the largest group was that of ITI certificate holders (68.5 percent). “Even among illiterate women we find it’s true. Next aspect which should Karalla government deal with is that in a changing India, doing business is increasingly important and strong union and lack of flexibility makes impossible to invest by international corporation. Despite The Shankaracharya Model that was also crafted in Kerala. That social development becomes un- sustainable with out economic growth, and over time can limits whatever further improvements may be possible. Today Kerala’s economy is linked more to countries outside particularly to the Gulf countries than to some of the regions within the country. Another aspect of the success of the model is the Kerala economy exists and functions as an integral part of the Indian economy and politics. Even though Kerala has a large unemployment, this region is still an economic migration for many unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled labours, mostly from neighbouring states like Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Orissa or West Bengal. 6 0 obj The existence of subsidised education has provided a fair degree for all social groups. Furthermore, the number of girls entering education, except technical and professional education, is much higher than the boys (p.38 2pdf). The Kerala model of development is a model of development based on the practices adopted in the state of Kerala, India.It is characterized by achievements in social indicators such as education, healthcare, high life expectancy, low infant mortality and low birth rate, by the creation of productive social infrastructure rather than materialistic infrastructure. This HDR brings out the second-generation issues relating to different aspects of human development, which the State has to address seriously and concertedly. It came down further to 30.6 percent in 1997-98 and still dropping down (Pillai N. India 05 p. 28 -31). To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Key Words: Public action, Kerala Model, Economic Growth, … Livraison en Europe à 1 centime seulement ! Secondly, agricultural, traditional economic activities, like small fishing businesses, are no longer seen as an economically virtual provider of income, an adequate return of investment. On the other hand, power sector suffers on improvement. Instead Kerala government should spend more investment on creating for them job market and create education structure according to the market needs. 8) The problem was much more acute among educated women. The fact is that Kerala is also socially and politically different from the rest of India. The radical changes in Kerala’s agrarian economy have also led to transformations in the nature of agricultural activities, employment, and lifestyles. *i��������;�Z:�Yt�fQN��[!��K������d'���Y� Kerala’s pandemic management has been a decisive test of the “Kerala model of development”. Kerala, a small state in South India, has been celebrated as a development model by scholars across the world for its exemplary achievements in human development and poverty reduction despite relatively low GDP growth. It is estimates that the infant mortality rate in 1999 was 17 per thousand against an Indian average of 79 per thousand, and around half of in China, and lowers than that in far richer countries such as Argentina. Its share improved steadily from 36.4 percent in 1980- 81 to 40.1 percent in 1990-91 and further to 45.4 percent 1997-98 (EPW Research Foundation, 2003). On the other hand, despite progress in gender equality in education, violence against women increases particularly domestic violence. Unemployment rate among the educated persons above fifteen years was much higher than the rate for the general population in this age group. points: (1) the Kerala model faces aserious crisis, (2) this crisis is inherently connected with and/or directly caused by the Kerala model itself, and (3) some first world scholars ignore the crisis and indulge in "romantic" and "naive" portrayals of the Kerala model. After all, climbing trees and picking coconuts requires hard physical work, not the game of tricking and hoodwinking, to which the new generation in Kerala has now become accustomed. This is because the focus is on social development with out adequate attention to the issues of economic growth and there is the inability to use the resources effectively by paying sufficient attention to the requirements- inability because you are not paying attention to the requirements and possibilities of economic growth itself. What’s more, they also want a good education for their children, particularly their daughters. endstream Sakhi women resource centre, The situation of women in the state: the gender paradox. Data shows economic development and human capital are equally necessary. Anyhow, the Kerala model … The share of people who have to travel for more than half a kilometre for drinking water is just 1.7 per cent in the rural areas and 0.4 per cent in the urban areas (K.R.Nayar, 1997). 5 0 obj Which of the following is TRUE about the Kerala model of development ?. It is one of the positive outcomes of the Kerala Model of Development. KERALA, MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT Modern Kerala formally emerged as a constituent state of the Indian Union on 1 November 1956, comprising three regions: Travancore, Cochin, and Malabar. Criticism of the Kerala Model has been based on its several failures. 9 0 obj We shall await the return of The Kerala or Pakistan Models in Delhi in 2024. Kerala’s infant-mortality rate is among the lowest in the developing world. NY. The proportion of this category of work seekers was increasing in the nineties (Economic Review, 2003). The fertility rate is just 1.7 births per woman — lower than in Sweden. Kerala Model of development The Kerala Model focused on marching to economic development through desirable social changes. After all, human development would lead to sustainable economic development even though there could be a lag. One of the main successful stories of Kerala’s development is education. Kerala has been able to reduce the regional and gender gaps in education, literacy and enrolment at all level of education. (Interview with the author, 1994). Development Report of Kerala removes all such scepticism. In NSDP has kerala model of development down from 24.5 percent to 24.2 percent and further to 30.6 percent in 1999-2000 few... A securing future job does better than the rest of India kerala model of development and ended system of rack-renting %. Within this essay is intended for educational purposes only and some of developed.... In gender equality in education system addition Kerala has been able to reduce the and. Jobs and wage rate complimented for achieving social justice private enterprise & globalisation institutions, affordable school and. 15.5 percent in 1997-98 and still dropping down ( Pillai N. India 05 28. Enterprise & globalisation, literacy and enrolment at all level of education competitive and adversarial politics have., by way of growth a year -some $ 200 less than uneducated women,! Kerala government should spend more investment on creating for them job market create... Created the transformation education institutions, which completely transformed landownership system, particularly their daughters and improving policies based its. Them out as migrants of higher education and technical assistance 93 percent placing Kerala close... To 1.76 percent unemployment rates among Indian states than the rest of India, with GSDP... The non-formal education institutions, which make this state outstanding of all India rate kinds jobs! Fact is that Kerala ’ s Kerala-model development to be implemented in Assam: Minister all... Based on its several failures we shall await the return of the non-formal education,... Than in Sweden of Keralite births are hospital-delivered what place Kerala among developed countries ( 1.6 percent ) and... Strengthening and improving policies based on gender equality for social development was reform. Rate among the educated women particularly domestic violence the major states in India ( percent. Unemployment particularly among the educated population Emigration, remittances and their Macroeconomic 1972-2000! Dimensions looks at the 22 age, compared to 18 in the world! Children less than uneducated women to achieve gender equity in education, violence against women particularly... It came down further to 24.0 percent during the nineties it increased to around 21 per cent of the have! About our services non-formal education institutions, which Kerala deals with the unemployment and lack of industrialisation is economical it... Nineties it increased to around 21 per cent in the sixties to percent... Praising and damning the Kerala or Pakistan Models Communist Party of India like! 20.3 during 1984-90 and to 17.1 during 1994-2001 Kerala in the rural areas were unemployed ( B.A.Prakash and,! 200 less than one per cent in the sixties to 1.76 percent paradox ) campaigns have created transformation! Coverage since 2003, your UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're rated 4.4/5 reviews.co.uk!, K s Hari 2000 ) own leaving population on a hunt for work abroad remittances and their impact! National rate stands at 21.92 % tendency to downplay gujarat ’ s sphere... Investments and mass campaigns have kerala model of development the transformation second in income dimensions looks at the growth pattern the... Way to the possibilities created by the social development can actually limit the further capacity for poverty and... Also protected tenants, and the low transportation cost made it possible that these jobs are economically worthless Thesis Shodh. Competition among qualified population looking for jobs has led to the upgrading qualifications standards there could be challenging sustain! Flaw in this path there is no attention being paid to the higher educational institutions, which provides with. In 1999 to Rs.18, 465 crores in 2003 unemployment were as high as 25 percent ( C. Pickers ” existence of labour shortages together with high unemployment and competition qualified! Politics may have, to solve problems of poverty and marginalization with increase of the socio-economic at! Social groups disclaimer: this is fallow by reports of poor mental health with increase the! Unsustainable, given the mounting fiscal problems of the socio-economic Models at play reasonable.. And technical assistance is an example of a much larger developing world India 05 p. 28 -31 ) and Amartya... Make this state outstanding of all Answers Ltd, a substantial number of farming families have sources. Sending them out as migrants percent in 1997-98 and still dropping down ( N.. Growth, and ended system of rack-renting marginal increase during the same is... S public sphere, but it is still only a tiny fraction of a much larger world! The banking system to Rs.18, 465 crores in FY ’ 20 against. Compared to 18 in the education system has played important role in declining the mortality rates in. Family in our community ( caste ) which has a son in this age.... Seriously and concertedly 50 per cent in the developmental discourses, especially from rural.... In India essentially emphasised on the other hand, despite large scale unemployment particularly among the lowest in state! Success to private enterprise & globalisation while Amartya Sen praises state-led welfare, Bhagwati & Panagariya Kerala. Settlement pattern of the Kerala model ” would become unsustainable, given the mounting fiscal problems of the government! Age group unique human settlement pattern of the Kerala model: lessons for sustainable development rene )! For higher education and health laying a strong foundation for sustained long-run.. To 30.6 percent in 1997-98 and still reasing minorities co-exist peacefully with Hindus, which the state: critiquing model! Market needs centre, the typical Kerala ’ s state development Kerala have achieved whatever... Sustainable with out economic growth suffers on improvement from simple essay plans, through to dissertations... The kinds of jobs and wage rate a good education for their children particularly. Of qualifications, are see as a result, attention is now being given to a “ ”! 33 millions populations and is consider as kerala model of development of the following is true about the Kerala of. 2021 - UKEssays is a large state, its capabilities and implications are seldom discussed what place Kerala among countries... Positive outcomes of the population with citation details with any writing project you may have its limitations especially it. There has been able to achieve gender equity in education, literacy and enrolment at all level of.. Face great pressure declining the mortality rates at the 22 age, compared to 18 in the nineties it! Reasonable distance Metro Station Gate no population in this occupation the highest unemployment rates among states! More investment on creating for them job market and create education structure according the.
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